After Africa's Decolonization
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Kwame Nkrumah
- Kwame Nkrumah (1909-1972) = first president of Ghana
- Promoted pan-African unity as way to resist foreign domination
- Overthrown in 1966, Ghanaians tore down the statues and photographs that celebrated his leadership
- Ghana politics evolved into dictatorial one-party rule, w/ party leaders forgoing multiparty elections in name of ending political divisiveness
- Several other sub-Saharan states also fell to military rule
Apartheid ("Separateness")
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African National Congress (ANC)
- Formed 1912 and led by Nelson Mandela
- Launched direct action campaigns to protest/end apartheid
- 1955 Freedom Charter (proclaimed the ideal of multiracial democratic rule for South Africa) published
- Faced severe repression (along w/ all black activists in South Africa)
MLA Citations (Bibliography)
"Apartheid Explained." YouTube. AJ+, 17 Dec. 2013. Web. 17 Apr. 2016. <https://youtu.be/S7yvnUz2PLE>.
"Bantustan." Wikimedia Commons. MediaWiki, 7 Apr. 2016. Web. 17 Apr. 2016. <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bantustan>.
Bentley, Jerry H., Herbert F. Ziegler, and Heather E. Streets. "Transformation and Crisis in the Contemporary World." Traditions and Encounters. a Brief Global History. Boston: McGraw Hill Higher Education, 2008. 1021-022. Print.
Berry, Bruce. "African National Congress (ANC) Flag." African National Congress (South Africa). Flags of the World, 16 Dec. 2006. Web. 17 Apr. 2016. <http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/za%7Danc.html>.
"File:Extraordinary Session of the OAU 1999.jpg." Wikimedia Commons. MediaWiki, 24 June 2013. Web. 17 Apr. 2016.<https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Extraordinary_session_of_the_OAU_1999.jpg>.
"Flag of Britain." Clipart. Openclipart, 4 Feb. 2008. Web. 17 Apr. 2016. <https://openclipart.org/detail/12674/flag-of-britain>.
"Kwame Nkrumah." Wikimedia Commons. MediaWiki, 10 Dec. 2014. Web. 17 Apr. 2016. <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah>.
OpenClipartVectors. "Free Image on Pixabay - South Africa, Flag, National Flag." Free Vector Graphic: South Africa, Flag, National Flag. Pixabay, 13 July 2013. Web. 17 Apr. 2016. <https://pixabay.com/en/south-africa-flag-national-flag-162425/>.
"Sharpeville Massacre Was Turning Point in Anti-apartheid Movement."YouTube. CBS News, 17 Dec. 2013. Web. 17 Apr. 2016. <https://youtu.be/n2EvZ8cYcC8>.
"Bantustan." Wikimedia Commons. MediaWiki, 7 Apr. 2016. Web. 17 Apr. 2016. <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bantustan>.
Bentley, Jerry H., Herbert F. Ziegler, and Heather E. Streets. "Transformation and Crisis in the Contemporary World." Traditions and Encounters. a Brief Global History. Boston: McGraw Hill Higher Education, 2008. 1021-022. Print.
Berry, Bruce. "African National Congress (ANC) Flag." African National Congress (South Africa). Flags of the World, 16 Dec. 2006. Web. 17 Apr. 2016. <http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/za%7Danc.html>.
"File:Extraordinary Session of the OAU 1999.jpg." Wikimedia Commons. MediaWiki, 24 June 2013. Web. 17 Apr. 2016.<https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Extraordinary_session_of_the_OAU_1999.jpg>.
"Flag of Britain." Clipart. Openclipart, 4 Feb. 2008. Web. 17 Apr. 2016. <https://openclipart.org/detail/12674/flag-of-britain>.
"Kwame Nkrumah." Wikimedia Commons. MediaWiki, 10 Dec. 2014. Web. 17 Apr. 2016. <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah>.
OpenClipartVectors. "Free Image on Pixabay - South Africa, Flag, National Flag." Free Vector Graphic: South Africa, Flag, National Flag. Pixabay, 13 July 2013. Web. 17 Apr. 2016. <https://pixabay.com/en/south-africa-flag-national-flag-162425/>.
"Sharpeville Massacre Was Turning Point in Anti-apartheid Movement."YouTube. CBS News, 17 Dec. 2013. Web. 17 Apr. 2016. <https://youtu.be/n2EvZ8cYcC8>.